9/22/2023 0 Comments Ndm washington dc![]() Also, some of the antibiotics such as clavulanic acid, tazobactam and sulbactam completely inhibit these enzymes ( 26). However, ESBLs are sensitive to several antibiotics such as cephamycin and carbapenem. These enzymes result in the resistance of bacteria to penicillin and a wide range of third-generation cephalosporins. The prevalence of ESBLs, especially CTX-M, has increased in recent years ( 25). However, CTX-M15 has a strong activity against ceftazidime ( 24). The CTX-M enzyme mainly hydrolyzes cefotaxime and often has poor activity against ceftazidime. ![]() Based on the amino acid sequences, CTX-M beta-lactamases are classified into five major groups: CTX-M1, CTX-M2, CTX-M8, CTX-M9, and CTX-M25 ( 23). CTX-M type beta-lactamases, firstly identified in Germany in 1989, consist of a group of Extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) encoded by the plasmid ( 22). The first identified beta-lactamase is penicillinase ( 17- 21). Beta-lactamases are inactivating enzymes for the beta-lactam antibiotics. baumannii to other sites indicates the role of this organism in the rapid spread of resistance genes ( 14- 16). baumannii has recently become a major concern in hospitals ( 13). As reported in most hospitals worldwide, multidrug-resistant (MDR) A. Most of them are resistant to ampicillin, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, antistaphylococcal penicillin, extended-spectrum cephalosporins (except ceftazidime and cefepime), tetracycline, macrolides, rifampicin and chloramphenicol ( 11, 12). ![]() baumannii strains to antibiotics can be intrinsic or through the obtaining of genetic factors. baumannii may also responsible for urinary tract and wound infections in hospitals ( 10). baumannii is known as an important cause of disease, mortality and economic loss in different countries ( 8, 9). Owing to the high levels of antibiotic resistance in comparison with other nosocomial isolates and its high prevalence in hospital environments, A. The catheter and other medical equipment may lead to the outbreak of this bacterium in the hospital ( 7). People with neutropenia, cystic fibrosis, and immune deficiency are exposed to the risk of infection with A. Acinetobacter baumannii is one of the most common pathogenic bacteria causing nosocomial infections in patients hospitalized in intensive care units. Due to its low nutritional requirements for growth, this bacterium can survive for long periods in adverse conditions, dry surfaces as well as in aquatic environments ( 5). grow easily in conventional laboratory mediums without any pigment ( 3, 4). They don’t require a specific nutrient medium to survive. are obligate aerobic, oxidase-negative, non-motile, Gram-negative coccobacilli and opportunistic pathogens that can be easily isolated from soil and water, and sometimes from the hospital environments ( 1, 2). baumannii strains is necessary for the selection of an appropriate therapeutic approach and prevention of their prevalence.Īcinetobacter baumannii Beta-lactamase Gene Antibiotic Resistance PCR 1. Due to the high prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in strains, rapid and timely detection of antibiotic-resistant A.
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